Fold Able Electrical Bicycle

Fold-able Electrical Bicycle:-

 This bicycle is designed to generate energy when riding and this energy can be used as currency to pay for your bus rides. The bike electronically folds into the bus seat storage mode for space and weight efficiency and to fit on the bike stand. Bike stands can be found at the bus stops where the bikes will be stored securely in order to collect energy from the sun and wind. Moreover, it contributes energy to the bus system that was generated during riding and stored in inner batteries. Finally, the energy will be accumulated from all the bus stops in one place, which is the Universal Electricity Network of this concept.

EIGHT CYLINDERS IN AN ENGINE

Dynamic Vehicle Control (DVC)

The Dynamic Vehicle Control (DVC) system developed by Brink Dynamics, a division of the Brink Technology Group, overcomes existing technical barriers and can enable manufacturers to produce an innovative class of enclosed narrow vehicles that can satisfy user needs and desires. An ENV can fulfil the market demand for a comfortable and safe single/dual transportation alternative and offers the following advantages: - A unique, sensational driving experience - Drives like a traditional car (no additional driving skills) - Top acceleration, comfort and safety comparable to the ‘middle-class car’ - Greater agility in traffic - Safe and predictable, even under difficult road conditions - Reliable and fail-safe - Mass production costs less than a traditional car - Energy efficient (1:33 ECE mix), lower road taxes - 40% lower emissions (fuel propulsion system). Possible to install all innovative propulsion technologies to combine the advantages of propulsion and form.

Disc brakes

Disc brakes

Disc brakes are an order of magnitude better at stopping vehicles than drum brakes, which is why you'll find disc brakes on the front of almost every car and motorbike built today. Sportier vehicles with higher speeds need better brakes to slow them down, so you'll likely see disc brakes on the rear of those too.

Disc brakes are again a two-part system. Instead of the drum, you have a disc or rotor, and instead of the brake shoes, you now have brake caliper assemblies. The caliper assemblies contain one or more hydraulic pistons which push against the back of the brake pads, clamping them together around the spinning rotor. The harder they clamp together, the more friction is generated, which means more heat, which means more kinetic energy transfer, which slows you down. You get the idea by now.

ACL (Active Cornering Lights)

ACL (Active Cornering Lights):-

 ACL provides support for night driving by additionally illuminating the direction in which the vehicle is moving in accordance with the steering angle. 35W halogen bulbs are used in the cornering lights. The system links with the turn signal light at speeds of 40km/h or less and also links with the angle of the steering wheel to additionally illuminate the direction in which the vehicle is moving. ACL makes driving at dark intersections, curves, etc. safer.

Differential

Working:-

          In an automobile, the power from the propeller shaft is transmitted to the wheel axiles through the differential. while turning a curve, the outer wheel has to move more distance than the inner wheels, also power has to be transmitted to both wheels. this is achieved by differential.

Cylinder Block

Single Cylinder Block:-

V type Cylinder Block:-

Cylinder Block:-

        The cylinder block is one of the major parts of an IC engine. on the top, it is connected to cylinder head and to the sump at the bottom. it houses the cylinder,provision for engine oils, water jackets etc. previously it was made of cast iron. nowadays aluminium alloys containing silicon is used.

    

         A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures (coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages and ports, and crankcase).

CrankShaft

Crank Shaft with Explanation:-

Offset Engine:-

     The crankshaft, sometimes usually abbreviated to crank , is the part of an engine that translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or " crank pins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.

Connecting rod

Connecting rod:-

     

         In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, theyform a simple mechanism that converts reciprocating motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may also convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion.

Combustion Types

Catalytic converter

HoneyComb Stecture of Catalytic converter:-

Catalytic converter Setup in Car:-

Cam Shaft

Cam animation

CAMSHAFT :

            In internal combustion engines with pistons, the camshaft is used to operate poppet valves. It then consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes protruding from it, one for each valve. The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism as they rotate.

Carburetor

Simple Carburetor:-

Carburetor and Fuel system:-

Carburetor connected with fuel tank:-

Carburetor:-

  A carburetor or carburettor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. It is sometimes, but not always, shortened to "Carb" in North America and the United Kingdom. The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the lower its static pressure, and the higher its dynamic pressure. The throttle (accelerator) linkage does not directly control the flow of liquid fuel. Instead, it actuates carburetor mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pulled into the engine. The speed of this flow, and therefore its pressure, determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream. When carburetors are used in aircraft with piston engines, special designs and features are needed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight. Later engines used an early form of fuel injection known as a "pressure carburetor".

Car body acts as battery

        In future your car body acts as battery Volvo has formulated a concept for lightweight structural energy-storing elements with a view to better the energy consumption of the electric vehicles developed in future. The material shall consist of reinforced carbon fiber, nanostructured batteries and super capacitors shall offer a lighter option to energy storage and shall also be less space consuming. Cost effectiveness is an additional bonus. This concept took 3.5 years in the making, had Imperial College London as an academic partner and is funded as a part of a European Union research project. volvo. The project team developed car panels, which have now been incorporated into an experimental Volvo S80 car. The reinforced carbon fibers hold the battery and are shaped such to fit around the car's frame. The fiber laminate is first layered, shaped, is later heated in an oven and let to harden. The super capacitors are accommodated within the component skin. This material can now replace the existing car components to store and charge energy, and is recharged via regenerative braking or plugging into a main electrical grid. It then pushes this energy to the electric motor which is discharged as the energy is used all around the car.

Big bang engine

What is meant by big bang engine?

      Each connecting rod fires 90º from the next, that means the cylinders fire at 270°- 180°- 90°- 180°. The power pulses spread out to the rear tire which allows to regain traction in between each pulse. More usable traction under large throttle openings can be achieved. It is possible to accelerate out of corner earlier and harder. This firing order will be called as big bang firing order. Engine sounds will be high in these type of engines.

BELT DRIVES

BELT DRIVES:-

     Belt technology these days has produced tough strong belts that are not quite as strong as a chain, but are coming very, very close.These are being produced at a fraction of the weight of a chain. Chain drive sprockets are made of steel, while most belt pulleys are hard anodized aluminum. These pulleys are a fraction of the weight of the sprockets . When a Belt Drive is installed, you are shaving a big chunk of rotating weight out if your driveline.

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

___________AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION____________

If you have ever driven a car with an automatic transmission, then you know that there are two big differences between an automatic
transmission and a manu al transmission:
There is no clutch pedal in an automatic transmission car.
There is no gear shift in an automatic transmission car. Once you put the transmission into drive, everything else is automatic.
Both the automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) and a manual transmission (with its clutch) accomplish exactly the same thing, but
they do it in totally different ways. It turns out that the way an automatic transmission does it is absolutely amazing!
Just like that of a manual transmission, the automatic transmission's primary job is to allow the engine to operate in its narrow range of
speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.
Without a transmission, cars would be limited to one gear ratio, and that ratio would have to be selected to allow the car to travel at the
desired top speed. If you wanted a top speed of 80 mph, then the gear ratio would be similar to third gear in most manual transmission cars.
You've probably never tried driving a manual transmission car using only third gear. If you did, you'd quickly find out that you had almost no
acceleration when starting out, and at high speeds, the engine would be screaming along near the red-line. A car like this would wear out
very quickly and would be nearly undriveable.
So the transmission uses gears to make more effective use of the engine's torque, and to keep the engine operating at an appropriate
speed. When towing or hauling heavy objects, your vehicle's transmission can get hot enough to burn up the transmission fluid. In order to
protect the transmission from serious damage, drivers who tow should buy vehicles equipped with transmission coolers.
The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears
to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of the different
gear ratios. The planetary gearset is the device that makes this possible in an automatic transmission.

Anti-lock braking system ( ABS )

Technical Explanation Diagram:-

ABS Using Time Explanation Diagram:-

Simple Explanation Diagram:-

Anti-lock braking system (ABS):- 

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tr-active contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage.

Otto cycle

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition reciprocating piston engine, the
thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.
The processes are described by
Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the piston moves from bottom dead centre (BDC) to top dead centre (TDC).
Process 2-3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the air from an external source while the piston is at top dead centre. This process is
intended to represent the ignition of the fuel-air mixture and the subsequent rapid burning.
Process 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).
Process 4-1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume process in which heat is rejected from the air while the piston is a bottom dead centre.

Air Suspension

General Air Suspension:-

Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. This in turn inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle. Air suspension is often used in place of conventional steel springs, and in heavy vehicle applications such as buses and trucks. If the engine is left off for an extended period, the vehicle will gradually settle to the ground. The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant ride quality and in some cases it is self-leveling. Although traditionally called air bags or air bellows, the correct term is air spring (although these terms are also used to describe just the rubber bellows element with its end plates).

Two Stroke Engine

Let's know something about 2 Stroke Engine :-

You find two-stroke engines in such devices as chain saws and jet skis because two-stroke engines have three important advantages over four-stroke engines: 1.)Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which simplifies their construction and lowers their weight. 2.)Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution, while four-stroke engines fire once every other revolution. This gives two-stroke engines a significant power boost. 3.)Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation, which can be important in something like a chainsaw. A standard four-stroke engine may have problems with oil flow unless it is upright, and solving this problem can add complexity to the engine. These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler and less expensive to manufacture. You don't normally see two-stroke engines in cars, however. That's because two-stroke engines have a couple of significant disadvantages :- 1.)Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke engines as parts of a two-stroke engine wear a lot faster. 2.)Two-stroke oil is expensive, and you need about 4 ounces of it per gallon of gas. 3.)Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would get fewer miles per gallon. 4.)Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution. These disadvantages mean that two-stroke engines are used only in applications where the motor is not used very often and a fantastic power-to-weight ratio is important.

AIR FILTERS

 AIR FILTERS 

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The air filter is an extremely important part of a car's ignition system. When an engine burns, almost all of the fuel is turned to gas. This gas powers the pistons down, then is ejected from the engine so a new compression cycle can begin. There are many things in the air, however, that don't burn cleanly or at all. If tiny pieces of dirt, road salt, pollen or other contaminants get into your car's air intake, they can damage pistons, clog valves and generally shorten the life of your car. The air filter stops these contaminants from getting in in the first place.

AERODYNAMICALLY DESIGNED TO GENERATE MAXIMUM DOWNFORCE

 FORMULA ONE CARS ARE AERODYNAMICALLY DESIGNED TO GENERATE MAXIMUM DOWNFORCE: 

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There's more to aerodynamics than just drag -- there are other factors called lift and downforce, too. Lift is the force that opposes the weight of an object and raises it into the air and keeps it there. Downforce is the opposite of lift -- the force that presses an object in the direction of the ground You may think that the drag coefficient on a Formula One racecar would be very low -- a super-aerodynamic car is faster, right? Not in this case. A typical F1 car has a Cd of about .70. Why is this type of racecar able to drive at speeds of more than 200 miles an hour (321.9 kilometers per hour), yet not as aerodynamic as you might have guessed? That's because Formula One cars are built to generate as much downforce as possible. At the speeds they're traveling, and with their extremely light weight, these cars actually begin to experience lift at some speeds -- physics forces them to take off like an airplane. Obviously, cars aren't intended to fly through the air, and if a car goes airborne it could mean a devastating crash. For this reason, downforce must be maximized to keep the car on the ground at high speeds, and this means a high Cd is required. Formula One cars achieve this by using wings or spoilers mounted onto the front and rear of the vehicle. These wings channel the flow into currents of air that press the car to the ground -- better known as downforce. This maximizes cornering speed, but it has to be carefully balanced with lift to also allow the car the appropriate amount of straight-line speed Lots of production cars include aerodynamic add-ons to generate downforce. While the Nissan GT-R supercar has been somewhat criticized in the automotive press for its looks, the entire body is designed to channel air over the car and back through the oval-shaped rear spoiler, generating plenty of downforce. Ferrari's 599 GTB Fiorano has flying buttress B-pillars designed to channel air to the rear as well -- these help to reduce drag. But you see plenty of spoilers and wings on everyday cars, like Honda and Toyota sedans. Do those really add an aerodynamic benefit to a car? In some cases, it can add a little high-speed stability. For example, the original Audi TT didn't have a spoiler on its rear decklid, but Audi added one after its rounded body was found to create too much lift and may have been a factor in a few wrecks . In most cases, however, bolting a big spoiler on the back of an ordinary car isn't going to aid in performance, speed, or handling a whole lot -- if at all. In some cases, it could even create more understeer, or reluctance to corner. However, if you think that giant spoiler looks great on the trunk of your Honda Civic, don't let anyone tell you otherwise.

2 & 4 Stroke engine Difference

First invention Proud to be Indian